{"id":259937,"date":"2026-06-24T13:59:54","date_gmt":"2026-06-24T11:59:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.npwj.org\/?p=259937"},"modified":"2026-07-03T14:11:10","modified_gmt":"2026-07-03T12:11:10","slug":"jueces-castigados-por-juzgar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.npwj.org\/it\/press-release\/jueces-castigados-por-juzgar\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00bfJueces castigados por juzgar?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Niccol\u00f2 Fig\u00e0-Talamanca, Secretario General de No Peace Without Justice<\/strong>
\nLegal Today, 24 junio 2026<\/a><\/p>\n

Estados Unidos ha sancionado a jueces y fiscales de la Corte Penal Internacional (CPI), y lo ha hecho con base en lo que ellos califican como una extralimitaci\u00f3n ileg\u00edtima de la CPI frente a competencias nacionales estadounidenses y de los estados aliados. La justificaci\u00f3n ha sido ampliamente cuestionada: decenas de Estados Parte, expertos de las Naciones Unidas y la propia Corte han condenado las medidas como un ataque a la independencia judicial. Hay, sin embargo, una cuesti\u00f3n m\u00e1s delicada que el debate p\u00fablico est\u00e1 esquivando. La conducta que Estados Unidos describe (imponer sanciones personales a jueces y fiscales por decisiones adoptadas en el ejercicio de su funci\u00f3n judicial) est\u00e1 tipificada por el propio Estatuto de Roma como delito contra la administraci\u00f3n de justicia. La cuesti\u00f3n no es solo si las sanciones son il\u00edcitas conforme al derecho internacional, lo cual se admite ampliamente, sino si constituyen adem\u00e1s un delito espec\u00edfico contra la administraci\u00f3n de justicia, generador de responsabilidad penal individual. No Peace Without Justice sostiene desde el inicio que lo es.<\/p>\n

El art. 70 del Estatuto de Roma contempla un conjunto definido de delitos de la CPI contra la propia administraci\u00f3n de justicia, siempre que se cometan intencionalmente. El art\u00edculo 70.1.e) comprende \u00abtomar represalias contra un funcionario de la Corte en raz\u00f3n de las funciones que haya desempe\u00f1ado \u00e9l u otro funcionario\u00bb. El encaje con estas medidas es estrecho y la intenci\u00f3n, el elemento m\u00e1s dif\u00edcil de acreditar, la suministra aqu\u00ed la propia autoridad sancionadora. La Orden Ejecutiva 14203, firmada el 6 de febrero de 2025, y las sucesivas designaciones anunciadas ese a\u00f1o no se presentaron como pol\u00edtica neutral: se vincularon expresamente a actos judiciales identificados, a las \u00f3rdenes de detenci\u00f3n contra altos cargos israel\u00edes y la autorizaci\u00f3n de la investigaci\u00f3n sobre Afganist\u00e1n. En este caso, la intenci\u00f3n de represalia no es necesario inferir la declaraci\u00f3n en los propios instrumentos. Una medida impuesta abiertamente a causa de una decisi\u00f3n judicial y dirigida contra el funcionario que la adopt\u00f3 es represalia precisamente en el sentido en que la norma describe. Las medidas operan, adem\u00e1s, de modo prospectivo, para disuadir a jueces y fiscales de una conducta futura de la misma \u00edndole. Esta dimensi\u00f3n podr\u00eda tambi\u00e9n quedar comprendida en el art\u00edculo 70.1.d), que contempla la intimidaci\u00f3n de un funcionario de la Corte para inducirlo a no cumplir sus funciones.<\/p>\n

Los funcionarios afectados son funcionarios de la Corte en el sentido del art\u00edculo 70. Las designaciones, limitadas inicialmente al Fiscal en febrero de 2025, se extendieron ese mismo a\u00f1o a ocho magistrados en activo y a ambos fiscales adjuntos. Sus consecuencias no han sido solamente simb\u00f3licas. La cuenta bancaria de la magistrada Solome Bossa en Estados Unidos fue bloqueada al d\u00eda siguiente de su designaci\u00f3n. La cuenta de la magistrada Beti Hohler en Eslovenia fue cancelada. El banco del magistrado Gocha Lordkipanidze en Georgia cerr\u00f3 su cuenta y le exigi\u00f3 la amortizaci\u00f3n anticipada de su hipoteca. Las relaciones bancarias del Fiscal en el Reino Unido fueron congeladas, y las medidas alcanzaron incluso una cuenta de su exmujer. Son instrumentos ordinarios de la vida civil y profesional retirados a personas nominativamente designadas como consecuencia directa de sus funciones judiciales.<\/p>\n

El argumento es m\u00e1s estrecho de lo que pudiera parecer, y la distinci\u00f3n que traza es tambi\u00e9n su l\u00edmite. Discrepar de la competencia de la Corte es leg\u00edtimo, y el Estatuto de Roma ofrece cauces l\u00edcitos para hacerlo: el recurso, el r\u00e9gimen de complementariedad y el debate entre los Estados Parte en la Asamblea. El art\u00edculo 70.1.e) va m\u00e1s all\u00e1 del cuestionamiento de la autoridad de la instituci\u00f3n y alcanza la sanci\u00f3n del funcionario individual por ejercer su funci\u00f3n judicial. La l\u00ednea que separa la oposici\u00f3n pol\u00edtica leg\u00edtima del delito contra la administraci\u00f3n de justicia discurre exactamente ah\u00ed. Las sanciones dirigidas contra la persona del juez, a causa de su decisi\u00f3n, caen, pues, del otro lado de esa l\u00ednea.<\/p>\n

Esta calificaci\u00f3n lleva aparejada una consecuencia pr\u00e1ctica. Respecto de los delitos contra su propia administraci\u00f3n de justicia, el Fiscal puede actuar de oficio, sin remisi\u00f3n de un Estado Parte ni del Consejo de Seguridad, y sin el procedimiento de autorizaci\u00f3n que exige la apertura de una investigaci\u00f3n sobre los cr\u00edmenes del art\u00edculo 5. No Peace Without Justice sostiene que, cuando el umbral se cumpla con claridad, su ejercicio no es cuesti\u00f3n de discrecionalidad ordinaria, sino un deber al servicio de la integridad de la Corte. La cuesti\u00f3n, entonces, no es si alg\u00fan estado remitir\u00e1 la situaci\u00f3n, sino si la fiscal\u00eda har\u00e1 uso de una facultad que ya posee. La Corte ya ha condenado con arreglo al art\u00edculo 70 (caso Bemba, por hechos distintos, en 2016): la competencia existe.<\/p>\n

Que Estados Unidos no sea parte del Estatuto de Roma no es determinante. Los delitos del art. 70 se cometen contra la Corte con sede en La Haya. El bien jur\u00eddico protegido no es el patrimonio personal del funcionario, sino el proceso judicial. La represalia contra un funcionario se consuma, por tanto, all\u00ed donde se menoscaba esa administraci\u00f3n de justicia; de ah\u00ed que ni la nacionalidad del autor ni el lugar donde se origin\u00f3 la medida coercitiva determinen d\u00f3nde se comete el delito. La consumaci\u00f3n en La Haya satisface el requisito de territorialidad del art\u00edculo 12.2.a).<\/p>\n

La inmunidad no es un obst\u00e1culo: el art\u00edculo 27.2 dispone que el cargo oficial y las inmunidades inherentes a \u00e9l no obstan para que la Corte ejerza su competencia, y tales actuaciones son las propias de la Corte. La cuesti\u00f3n liminar es si se ha cometido un delito; la persecuci\u00f3n es un asunto distinto y posterior. Expertos en derechos humanos de las Naciones Unidas llegaron a la misma conclusi\u00f3n a los pocos d\u00edas de la primera Orden Ejecutiva, al observar que las medidas parecer\u00edan constituir delitos del art\u00edculo 70. Calificar correctamente el delito es la condici\u00f3n previa de toda respuesta meditada, no el vaticinio de que vaya a producirse. Esa respuesta podr\u00eda provenir de la Fiscal\u00eda, al amparo del art\u00edculo 70, o de los Estados Parte, mediante la activaci\u00f3n del Estatuto de Bloqueo de la Uni\u00f3n Europea y otras contramedidas l\u00edcitas. El Reglamento (CE) n.\u00ba 2271\/96 ya proh\u00edbe a las personas de la UE dar efecto a tales medidas: el instrumento existe, y lo \u00fanico que falta es la decisi\u00f3n de activarlo.<\/p>\n

Ese es el debate que la conferencia de Madrid del 25 de junio viene a impulsar: no si la justicia internacional est\u00e1 sometida a coacci\u00f3n, lo cual ya no se discute, sino qu\u00e9 permite ya el derecho a quienes la defienden.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Niccol\u00f2 Fig\u00e0-Talamanca, Secretario General de No Peace Without Justice Legal Today, 24 junio 2026 Estados Unidos ha sancionado a jueces y fiscales de la Corte Penal Internacional (CPI), y lo 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